Thursday, January 23, 2020
Characters Essay examples -- essays research papers
Significance of a Minor Character      Minor characters are the backbones of all literary pieces of work. They can have an overall affect that can change the development of a story. These minute characters can provide further insight into the mind of the leading character(s) through their actions. In the short story â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat†, Uncle Billy is a diminutive character that alters the upcoming events faced by the other characters. His actions force the other characters to use an alternative way to solve their dilemma. Another minute character that makes a big difference is the old timer in the short story â€Å"To Build a Fire†. The old timer gives useful advice to the man but blatantly ignores it. These two minor characters in both of these pieces show that a small and negligible character can make a huge impact on the development of the story.      Uncle Billy in â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat†alters the way the other characters can solve their problem. In the story, Uncle Billy steals the mules and heads back into Poker Flat leaving the other characters stranded in a snowstorm. â€Å"But turning to where Uncle Billy had been lying, he found him gone. A suspicion leaped to his brain and a curse to his lips. He ran to the spot where the mules had been tethered: they were no longer there†(Harte 585). With the few supplies obtained, the characters rely upon themselves to correct the problem. The minor character in the sto...
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Lung Cancer Essay Essay
Lung Cancer Institution Background            Lung cancer was acknowledged as a distinct disease in 1761. Lung cancer, also known as carcinoma of the lung or pulmonary carcinoma, is the uncontrolled growth of unusual cells that starts in one or both lungs, typically in the cells that line the air passages. The abnormal cells divide fast and form tumors. These tumors become larger and more frequent, therefore weakening the lung’s ability to provide the bloodstream with oxygen. There are two forms of tumors: benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are those that remain in one place and do not seem to spread. Malignant tumors are more dangerous. They spread to other areas of the body, through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. This process of spreading is referred to as metastasis.            There are two main types of lung cancer: primary lung cancer and secondary lung cancer.(Johns, 1998). Primary lung cancer starts in the lungs while secondary lung cancer starts somewhere else in the body and metastasizes, and reaches the lungs. The two most renowned types of primary lung cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Non-small cell lung carcinomas include squamous cell cancers (which are the most common type), adenocarcinoma and large-cell carcinoma. A squamous cell carcinoma grows gradually and might not spread to other parts of the body for some time. SCLC grows and spread gradually and by the time it is diagnosed, it may have spread to other parts of the body. About one in five cases of lung cancer are SCLC.            Secondary lung cancer (metastatic lung cancer), is not as common as primary lung cancer. Secondary lung cancer is normally a cancer that has metastasized from a primary cancer, more likely from the large bowel, bladder, breast, testicle, stomach, gullet, kidney, and a skin cancer called malignant melanoma. A secondary lung cancer may be assumed to be from a diagnosed primary cancer. Occasionally, it may be found before a primary cancer referred to as â€Å"unknownprimary†that may not be possible to find. Secondary lung cancer may cause fluid to collect in the area between the two membranes (the pleural) that surrounds the lungs. This is known as pleural effusion. It is possible to extract the fluid and scrutinise it for cancer. You can tell that a cancer is secondary if the cells look like the cells from the primary cancer. For instance, if the primary cancer is kidney cancer, the cells will look like kidney cancer cells instead of lung cancer cells, (Bartlett,2001).            There is an uncommon type of lung cancer known as the pleural mesothelioma. It occurs when mesothelioma develops in the pleural. Caused by constant exposure to asbestos, pleura are cells that are often referred to as lubricating cells which make a thin membrane in the host’s chest walls. They are malignant since they take long periods of time before they are discovered or the symptoms start to manifests itself. Pleuralmesothelioma can sometimes spread to the lymph nodes in the chest, above the collarboneor any other part of the body. However it has not been considered to be lethal or serious although in some cases it results to reduced effectiveness or functioning of the lungs. Tests            There are voluminous tests that are carried out to diagnose any symptoms or characteristic of lung cancer. These tests include molecular testing of the tumour and biopsy which involves direct removal of tissues or cells from a patient and examining it to determine the extent of infection. Other tests are; sputum cytology, focussing on the mucus of the lungs, thoracentesis, bronchospy, bone marrow aspiration, testing of the tumour, mediastinoscopy, imaging tests, thoracotomy, thoracoscopy, computerised tomography scan (CT), which scans using radiographic beams to create detailed computerised pictures, magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI), position emission tomography scan (PET) and a bone scan. Endoscopy is the process where a flexible plastic tube is inserted into the body cavities and organs so that one can view the area of concerned well.(Barbara,2009). Causes            Medical analysts and researchers have discovered many factors that they believe are the main causes of cancer according to their research. The most common and well known cause is smoking. Many cases involving lung cancer have been accompanied by symptoms like high levels of carcinogens in the lungs, which is one of the substance contained in cigarettes. It accounts for eighty to ninety percent of the cases. Passive smokers have a greater chance or risk of up to twenty to thirty percent in getting lung cancer. Marijuana also contains the deadly substance, carcinogens that are in tobacco. Smoking that substance contributes greatly in deteriorating functioning of the lungs.            Another cause of lung cancer as far as smoke is concerned, is inhalation of the radon gas. It is a gas generated when radioactive materials are broken down by radium. The gas is a very fatal and very serious since it can be detected easily and it is odourless. An accumulated levels of the gas can actually cause lung cancer. Asbestos is another rare kind of cause of cancer. Long exposition to the rocks that release the asbestos, can cause inflammation and later trigger the enlargement of lung cancer. This was according to the medical researchers who reported that growth of lung cancer can be contributed by long duration to the exposure of these substances in the air.            Families who have a history of lung cancer, that is, most of the members have been diagnosed with cancer, it is more likely that the next generation in the same family some of the members will have the same disease. This is known as genetic predisposition. It is inherited from family members hence it increases the chances of an individual to develop lung cancer when he or she is exposed to the same environmental factors or cultural experiences as other members of the family. Medical researchers have sorted to investigate the arrangement of inheritance of genetic defencelessness by ascertaining the familial combination. They evaluated them by analysing in order to determine if there is a statistical confirmation of the inheritance of the gene causing cancer. Once the gene has been located they pursue it to try and change it.            It has been ascertained that different people experience different symptoms of lung cancer depending on the cause of it and the duration that the diseases is in the body.(Karen,2010).In the initial stages of the diseases, the symptoms are not noticeable or probably not alarming. It has been surveyed that about forty percent of the people who are diagnosed with cancer, most of them was realised at an advanced stage.            The most common type symptom experienced by the many diagnosed in the early stages of the disease is persistent coughing.(Barbara,2009). The coughing may persistent to an extent of producing blood. The patient begins to have changes in breathing especially when doing a task that involves use of strength and straining coupled with constant pain in the chest or back. All these pain is caused by the enlargement of the lymph nodes and the lining of lubricating cells along the walls of the lungs.            The patient will start breathing with a whistling sound being produced, a condition known as wheezing. The condition is as a result of the constricting airways in the lungs. It can be accompanied with hoarse voice, losing weight considerably, bronchitis or pneumonia in some cases. The patient will begin to have swellings on the face, fingers and also fatigue. Treatment            According to medical researchers and practitioners, treatment of lung cancer highly depends on the extent of the damage of the lungs by the cancer cells, the site of the primary tumour, the stage and the person’s general health.(Mazzini,2010). Before treatment is done to a lung cancer patient, he or she is provided with options on the side effects or discomfort that they are likely to experience in any method of treatment offered. The different types of treatment offered or administered to patients include surgery by removing the tumour and the affected part of the lung. The other type of treatment is radiation therapy where the cancer cells are killed using x-rays with high energy. It can also prevent further growth of the cancer cells. Chemotherapy is the next treatment type, where the patient is given drugs which destroy the cancer cells in every part of the body. References Johns H.P. Williams T.T (1998). Lung Cancer And Its Treatment. Th Gerber publishers Ettinger Y.G. Bartlett (2001). Guide to Cancer Treatment.. Oxford University Publishers Mazzini J.Y and Walter Blue (2010). The Chicago Guide To Lung Cancer. Kaplan Publishers (1999) Karen P.M and Jones Schoiller (2010). Questions And Answers About Cancer. Parles publishers. Barbara M.D Daniel Otiz J.K. (2009) . Lung Cancer. American Cancer Sociation Publishers Source document
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
The Tupamaros Uruguays Marxist Revolutionaries
The Tupamaros were a group of urban guerrillas who operated in Uruguay (primarily Montevideo) from the early 1960s to the 1980s. At one time, there may have been as many as 5,000 Tupamaros operating in Uruguay. Although initially, they saw bloodshed as a last resort to achieving their aim of improved social justice in Uruguay, their methods became increasingly violent as the military government cracked down on citizens. In the mid-1980s, democracy returned to Uruguay and the Tupamaro movement went legitimate, laying down their weapons in favor of joining the political process. They are also known as the MLN (Movimiento de Liberacià ³n Nacional, or National Liberation Movement) and their current political party is known as the MPP (Movimiento de Participacià ³n Popular, or Popular Participation Movement). Creation of the Tupamaros The Tupamaros were created in the early 1960s by Raà ºl Sendic, a Marxist lawyer and activist who had sought to bring about social change peacefully by unionizing sugarcane workers. When the workers were continually repressed, Sendic knew that he would never meet his goals peacefully. On May 5, 1962, Sendic, along with a handful of sugarcane workers, attacked and burned the Uruguayan Union Confederation building in Montevideo. The lone casualty was Dora Isabel Là ³pez de Oricchio, a nursing student who was in the wrong place at the wrong time. According to many, this was the first action of the Tupamaros. The Tupamaros themselves, however, point to the 1963 attack on the Swiss Gun Clubâ€â€which netted them several weaponsâ€â€as their first act. In the early 1960s, the Tupamaros committed a series of low-level crimes such as robberies, often distributing part of the money to Uruguays poor. The name Tupamaro is derived from Tà ºpac Amaru, last of the ruling members of the royal Inca line, who was executed by the Spanish in 1572. It was first associated with the group in 1964. Going Underground Sendic, a known subversive, went underground in 1963 counting on his fellow Tupamaros to keep him safe in hiding. On December 22, 1966, there was a confrontation between Tupamaros and the police. Carlos Flores, 23, was killed in a shootout when police investigated a stolen truck driven by Tupamaros. This was a huge break for the police, who immediately began rounding up known associates of Flores. Most of the Tupamaro leaders, fearful of being captured, were forced to go underground. Hidden from the police, the Tupamaros were able to regroup and prepare new actions. At this time, some Tupamaros went to Cuba where they were trained in military techniques. The Late 1960s in Uruguay In 1967 President and former General Oscar Gestido died and the Vice President, Jorge Pacheco Areco, took over. Pacheco soon took strong actions to stop what he saw as a deteriorating situation in the country. The economy had been struggling for some time and inflation was rampant which had resulted in a rise in crime and sympathy for rebel groups such as the Tupamaros, who promised change. Pacheco decreed a wage and price freeze in 1968 while cracking down on unions and student groups. A state of emergency and martial law were declared in June of 1968. A student, Là ber Arce, was killed by police breaking up a student protest, further straining the relations between the government and the populace. Dan Mitrione On July 31, 1970, the Tupamaros kidnapped Dan Mitrione, an American FBI agent on loan to the Uruguayan police. He had previously been stationed in Brazil. Mitriones specialty was interrogation, and he was in Montevideo to teach the police how to torture information out of suspects. Ironically, according to a later interview with Sendic, the Tupamaros did not know that Mitrione was a torturer. They thought he was there as a riot control specialist and targeted him in retaliation for student deaths. When the Uruguayan government refused the Tupamaros offer of a prisoner exchange, Mitrione was executed. His death was a big deal in the US, and several high-ranking officials from the Nixon administration attended his funeral. The Early 1970s 1970 and 1971 saw the most activity on the part of the Tupamaros. Besides the Mitrione kidnapping, the Tupamaros committed several other kidnappings for ransom, including that of British Ambassador Sir Geoffrey Jackson in January of 1971. Jacksons release and ransom were negotiated by Chilean President Salvador Allende. The Tupamaros also murdered magistrates and policemen. In September of 1971, the Tupamaros got a huge boost when 111 political prisoners, most of them Tupamaros, escaped from Punta Carretas prison. One of the prisoners who escaped was Sendic himself, who had been in prison since August of 1970. One of the Tupamaros leaders, Eleuterio Fernà ¡ndez Huidobro, wrote about the escape in his book La Fuga de Punta Carretas. Tupamaros Weakened After the increased Tupamaro activity in 1970-1971, the Uruguayan government decided to crack down even further. Hundreds were arrested, and due to widespread torture and interrogation, most of the Tupamaros top leaders were captured by late 1972, including Sendic and Fernà ¡ndez Huidobro. In November 1971, the Tupamaros called a cease-fire to promote safe elections. They joined the Frente Amplio, or Wide Front, political union of leftist groups determined to defeat Pachecos handpicked candidate, Juan Marà a Bordaberry Arocena. Although Bordaberry won (in an extremely questionable election), the Frente Amplio did win enough votes to give its supporters hope. Between the loss of their top leadership and the defections of those who thought that political pressure was the path to change, by the end of 1972 the Tupamaro movement was severely weakened. In 1972, the Tupamaros joined the JCR (Junta Coordinadora Revolucionaria), a union of leftist rebels including groups working in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. The idea is that the rebels would share information and resources. By that time, however, the Tupamaros were in decline and had little to offer their fellow rebels. In any event, Operation Condor would smash the JCR within the next few years. The Years of Military Rule Although the Tupamaros had been relatively quiet for a time, Bordaberry dissolved the government in June of 1973, serving as a dictator supported by the military. This allowed further crackdowns and arrests. The military forced Bordaberry to step down in 1976 and Uruguay remained a military-run state until 1985. During this time, the government of Uruguay joined with Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia as members of Operation Condor, a union of right-wing military governments who shared intelligence and operatives to hunt down, capture, and/or kill suspected subversives in each others countries. In 1976, two prominent Uruguayan exiles living in Buenos Aires were assassinated as part of Condor: Senator Zelmar Michelini and House Leader Hà ©ctor Gutià ©rrez Ruiz. In 2006, Bordaberry would be brought up on charges related to their deaths. Former Tupamaro Efraà n Martà nez Platero, also living in Buenos Aires, narrowly missed being killed around the same time. He had been inactive in Tupamaro activities for some time. During this time, the imprisoned Tupamaro leaders were moved from prison to prison and subjected to horrendous tortures and conditions. Freedom for the Tupamaros By 1984, the Uruguayan people had seen enough of the military government. They took to the streets, demanding democracy. Dictator/General/President Gregorio Alvarez organized a transition to democracy, and in 1985 free elections were held. Julio Marà a Sanguinetti of the Colorado Party won and immediately set about rebuilding the nation. As far as the political unrest of the previous years, Sanguinetti settled on a peaceful solutionâ€â€an amnesty that would cover both the military leaders that had inflicted atrocities on the people in the name of counterinsurgency and the Tupamaros who had fought them. The military leaders were allowed to live out their lives with no fear of prosecution and the Tupamaros were set free. This solution worked at the time, but in recent years there have been calls to remove the immunity for military leaders during the years of dictatorship. Into Politics The freed Tupamaros decided to lay down their weapons once and for all and join the political process. They formed the Movimiento de Participacià ³n Popular, or the Popular Participation Movement, currently one of the most important parties in Uruguay. Several former Tupamaros have been elected to public office in Uruguay, most notably Josà © Mujica who was elected to the presidency of Uruguay in November of 2009. Source Dinges, John. The Condor Years: How Pinochet And His Allies Brought Terrorism To Three Continents. Paperback, Reprint edition, The New Press, June 1, 2005.
Sunday, December 29, 2019
SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the...
SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Marketing Models Analysis Marketing strategies/models In this objective I will be analysing the different marketing models and evaluating their reliability. The marketing models I will evaluate will be SWOT and PEST analysis, the product life cycle, the Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix. SWOT and PEST analysis In the previous objective, I analysed SWOT and PEST of Cadbury. These enabled me to gain insight into the external and internal influences that may arise which may either be beneficial or cause problems for the launch of my product. Product life cycle The product life cycle shows the sales of a product over time. To be able to market a†¦show more content†¦However, at this stage, there are many competitors with similar products and Cadbury must be careful the products don’t become saturated and then, like the fuse bar, be declined. My product will be in the introduction stage of the product life cycle. I will expect sales to be slow because there will be limited knowledge of the product, although Cadbury do have high customer loyalty. The product will hopefully move into the growth stage where the sales will rise rapidly. Extension strategies There are various ways in which Cadburys can extend the life of a product. Changing one of the 4Ps is the method that is often chosen. Promotion of the product would be the first to be changed to increase slow sales. Releasing a new advertisement, for example, will often boost the sales, but other methods include aiming the same product at a different area of the market. For example Cadburys may aiming a product initially aimed at children for adults by producing larger bags. Cadburys may also try placing competitions on the packaging of the product, as this will encourage people to buy the product. Cadburys showed this technique early last year when they took Buttons, which was struggling and brought out Giant Buttons, aimed at an older target audience. Dairy milk has also been used in several ways to extend the life cycle. Dairy Milk offers chocolate from Buttons up to 2kg blocks to suit all occasions. There are alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Marketing Strategies for Businesses7552 Words  | 31 PagesMarketing Strategies for Businesses Introduction: Samuel Whitbread established Whitbread plc in 1742, originally as a beer producing company. Since then, Whitbread has moved from strength to strength incorporating wider varieties of businesses under its wing with each growth. Today, Whitbread owns and operates some of the most popular business in restaurants, hotels and leisure and health. Beefeater Vision To make Beefeater the first choice as a great place to eat and drink. Read MoreMarketing Planning at Just Us! Cafes7314 Words  | 30 PagesUs is an independent Canadian co-operative coffee roaster with a small chain of own cafes in Nova Scotia and a large network of distribution throughout Canada and in the USA. Apart from coffee, their products include tea, cocoa, sugar and various supplementary products. All of Just Us main products are fair trade certified and some of them are organic. Being an entirely fair trade company means Just Us pays its suppliers from so-called â€Å"third world†countries a fair price, including a premium forRead MoreA Proposal for a New Market Strategy for the Thomas Burberry London Perfume Range6982 Words  | 28 PagesA proposal for a new market strategy for the Thomas Burberry London perfume range 1.0 Introduction The organisation I have decided to propose a new marketing strategy for is Thomas Burberry. This organisation is a distinctive luxury brand with international recognition and broad appeal. They design, source, manufacture and distribute high-quality apparel and accessories. Burberry was founded in Basingstoke, England in 1856; they have a unique heritage associated with Great Britain and positionRead MorePorters Generic Strategies Framework3419 Words  | 14 Pagesleadership and ‘differentiation, wherein the latter is the way in which companies can earn a price premium. Main aspects of Porters Generic Strategies Analysis Companies can achieve competitive advantages essentially by differentiating their products and services from those of competitors and through low costs. Firms can target their products by a broad target, thereby covering most of the marketplace, or they can focus on a narrow target in the market (Lynch, 2003) (Figure 1). According to Porter
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Essay on Sociology and Hall Et Al. - 1133 Words
Stanley Cohen uses the term ‘moral panic’ to describe the identification of groups of people that are deemed to threaten our whole way of life and from whom society must be protected’. (Kelly Toynbee P363) He defines the term as a sporadic episode which, when it happens, causes people to worry about the values and principles held by society that may be in jeopardy. This quite often led to a nostalgic view that the past had been a more harmonious time of life without such disorder and that the youth certainly behaved, on the whole, better in days gone by. Throughout each era of sporadic moral panic in terms of the youth threatening social order, there has emerged groups that have fit the criteria and Cohen concerns himself primarily†¦show more content†¦They both agree that language used by the media is a huge factor in the reaction they create as ‘people do take from the media a message, and they do apply this message to their thinking ‘. (Reece Walters, The making of order and disorder, Audio CD 3) Cohen illustrates this point with the creation of folk devils and the language that is used to describe their activities such a ‘siege’ and ‘riot’ and ‘thugs’ and how they are mindless thugs that are solely interested in creating social disorder. Hall et al. illustrates his point when it comes to the language used by the government that is taken up by the media such a robber, mugger to create our way of thinking , or even common sense, when it comes to the right and wrong. and how that then in turn creates is own moral panic in relation to crime on the streets. Another similarity between the two is the focus on inequality when it comes to those that create disorder. Cohen refers more to the inequality within society of those that are bad as a result of bad parenting, or the surroundings they grew up in. Hall refers to the inequality between the rich and poor and the uneven dissemination of power when it comes to influencing the media and what they write about. The government lead them with words they primary definer of†¦. Both of these lead to the need forShow MoreRelatedSociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups In A Systematic Way1611 Words  | 7 Pagesï » ¿Sociology is the study of individuals in groups in a systematic way. It is an intricate set of styles and approaches trying to perceive society. (Burgess and Murcott, 2001). As a result, many perceptions have arisen over the last centuries. Many methodologies have been debated and discussed. Challenging these assumptions will in turn, cause for quantitative and qualitative based research on the struggle to gain a firm grip on how society works. 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Friday, December 13, 2019
Laboratory Management- General Functions of a Laboratory Manager Free Essays
MEDICAL LABORATORY MANAGEMENT (MLB 2120) BTECH: BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 2: APPRAISE MANAGEMENT STYLES APPLICABLE TO THE LABORATORY DATE: 19 MARCH 2013 JJ. ROSSOUW S210034297 Contents:page Introduction3 What is expected from a manager? 3-4 What knowledge and skills do they need? 4 What training and qualifications do they need? 4 Five basic functions of a manager5 Roles performed by managers5-7 Skills required by a manager8 Conclusion 9 References10 Introduction In this assignment the general functions of a laboratory manager is being discussed. The laboratory(lab) manager is involved in organizing all aspects of the laboratory environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Laboratory Management- General Functions of a Laboratory Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now They supervise general workflow; to ensure that the staff pertains to professional customer service. They do the maintenance of equipment such as the quality control, pricing, purchasing and the day-to-day functioning of the lab. The lab manager must have excellent customer service skills in order to liaise with photographers and designers. They must set up clear communication channels and develop systems and strategies to deal with fast-moving and sometimes unpredictable workload. Read this Respiratory Activity They are also required to keep up with the latest development in technology and help improve productivity, profitability and client satisfaction (http://www. ceartiveskillset. org). What is expected from a Lab manager? * A lab manager must organize and manage the workflow in the laboratory. * They must co-ordinate activities throughout the laboratory. * It is expected that they delegate work amongst the various technicians and technologists. * They must monitor outputs and keep record of workflow and the usage of supplies. * They must supervise the ordering and delivery of new laboratory supplies. They must test and calibrate equipment to ensure optimum results, monitor chemistry in equipment. * A lab manager must perform quality tests and ensure the company meets its quality assurance standards. * They must oversee customer service to maximize sales. * They must promote the continuing professional development of staff and oversee the training of trainees. * A lab manager must theref ore make risk assessments for the laboratory and ensure that the company’s Health Safety policy is observed. * The lab manager may also be involved in the development of new products and service to encourage the growth of the business. It is also required that a lab manager work long hours, however they are fairly well paid and enjoy the benefits of a regular salary, holidays and a company pension. What knowledge and skills do the need to have? The lab manager must possess excellent colour vision and have an excellent eye for colour, contrast, density and other graphic effects. They must also possess good analytical, problem solving and decision making skills. They must have a positive, pro-active attitude and pay close attention to detail. They need first class planning and time-management skills. They must also have the ability to motivate staff members. They should be a good listener and have the ability to communicate ideas and instructions clear and in a concise manner. They should be able to understand graphs and accounts, maintain accurate records, and put schedules and reports together. Lab managers need to have an excellent all round knowledge of all the equipment and processes used in the laboratory. They must have IT and Digital Imaging skills. They must always stay calm and level headed and be able to make racional decisions under stressful conditions. What training and qualifications do they need? Most laboratory managers first work as a technician or technologist before becoming a lab manager. Therefore it is required that they do some form of management training courses that may be useful. Employers usually place more value on applicants who have training and experience in the operation of most forms of processing, digital imaging and printing equipment. There are five basic functions of a Manager: 1. Planning- this step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. 2. Organizing- After the plan is in place, a manager needs to organize the employees and assign work and granting authority. . Staffing- After a manager discerns their areas needs, they decide to beef up staffing by recruiting, selecting, training and developing employees. They often work with the Human resource department to approach this goal. 4. Leading- A manger must do more than just plan, organize to achieve their goals but they must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, gu iding and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and solve problems with the employees. 5. Controlling- After the other elements are in place, a manager’s job is not finished. They need to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that their areas plans remain on track (http://m. cliffsnotes. com). Roles performed by managers: A manager wears many hats. Not only are they a teamleader but are also involved in planning, organizing coaching, problem-solving and decision-making. Manager’s schedules are usually jam-packed. Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories: * Interpersonal: this role involves human interaction. * Informational: This role involves the sharing and analyzing of information. Decisional: This role involves decision making. Table 1 explains the category roles that a manager carries out. Table 1: Mintzberg’s set of Ten Roles Category | Role| Activity| Informational| Monitor| Seek and receive information; scan periodicals and reports; maintain personal contacts with clients. | | Disseminator| Forward information to nd phone calls. organization members via memos, reports | | Spokesperson| Transmit information to outsiders via reports, memos and speeches. | Interpersonal| Figurehead| Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties such as greeting visitors and signing legal documents. | Leader| Direct and motivate subordinates; counsel and communicate with subordinates. | | Liaison| Maintain information links both inside and outside the organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings. | Decisional| Entrepreneur| Initiate improvement projects; identify new ideas and delegate idea responsibility to others. | | Disturbance handler| Take corrective action during disputes or crises; resolve conflicts among subordinates; adapt to environment. | | Resource allocator| Decide who gets resources; prepare budgets; set schedules and determine priorities. | Negotiator| Represent department during negotiations of union contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets. | Skills required by a manager Not anyone can be a manag er. Certain skills, or abilities to translate knowledge into action that results in desired performance, are requires helping other employees become more productive. These skills fall under the following categories: * Technical: This skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks. * Human: This skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Human skills emerge in the workplace as a spirit of enthusiasm, and genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships. A manager with good human skills has a high degree of self awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others. * Conceptual: This skill calls for the ability to think analytically. Analytical skills enable managers to break down problems into smaller parts to see the relations among the parts and to recognize the implications of any one problem for others. Although all three categories contain skills essential for managers, their relative mportance tends to vary by level of managerial responsibilities. Conclusion: A laboratory manager/general manager plays an important role in any organization or company. A manager has to have certain characteristics in order to be a successful leader. They are also required to possess certain leadership skills, in order to be a great leader. References: Lab manager (n. d). Skillset, viewed 19 February 2 013, http://www. creativeskillset. org/uploads/pdf/asset_10118. pdf? 4. Functions of Managers. CliffsNotes. com, viewed from http://m. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/Functions-of-Managers. topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8848. html. How to cite Laboratory Management- General Functions of a Laboratory Manager, Papers
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Software and Media Piracy free essay sample
They back their claim up by providing from the ARIA (Recording Industry Association of America) estimates that six percent of the GAP in the U. S. Is generated from the music industry and from that six percent, a one percent increase in music piracy can cause an additional . 6 decrease in the GAP Is Its sector. They also include examples of programs that have caused the height In piracy such as Aziza, and Morpheme (157). They emphasize the Importance of piracy and need to focus arts to prevent It from furthermore hurting our economy.The authors continue to support their claims by providing even more examples of says pirates are hurting our economy. The article follows an PAP format as seen because of the Social Science review that it is in. Also the end-notes section towards the latter of the article is a key giveaway to the style the authors are trying to use. We will write a custom essay sample on Software and Media Piracy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They want to inform the reader and provide empirical data of the ongoing problem of piracy. Their credibility to the subject can be seen in the amount of data provided. The authors show they have taken the time to properly research the topic.The paper primary uses ethos because throughout the paper the author provides many examples of how piracy is affecting the music industry. These examples coupled with the closing sentence, where they emphasis that it will be necessary for businesses to reevaluate their models as associated with the recording Industry, show the authors perspective on the topic. In this sense It also appeals to logos providing the audience with visual examples like charts from page 164. These two styles allow for the writers to convey a forceful and informative message to their intended reader.Bishop, Jack. Who are the Pirates? The Politics of Piracy, Poverty, and Greed in a Globalizes Music Market. Popular Music Society 27. 1 (2004): 101-106. Academic reach premier. OBESE. Web. 24 June 2010. Bishops article discusses in detail the politics of piracy, poverty, and greed In global music market. He compares the cost differences caused by the price between pirated music versus Orlando. The article points out efforts to push anta-place laws, enticed successfully by the sound recording Industry.He continues to use many sources as pointed out in the works cited section, making it more towards his ere article has a very good organization. Throughout the paper you can see use of headings, footings, and support of evidence for research as pointed out by citing a ease study from the IF (105). In the study, the percentage of price of Cads is compared to the amount paid for by copied Cads. The of over 65% is an estimate that at the time could be more accurate, but in todays world the number seems like it should be way higher. Bishop pushes his article to an audience of, entrepreneurs in the music market industry including the BIG FIVE (BUM, Warner, Universal, Sony, MME) (101), investment agencys, and the general public who fall witness one of the most powerful industries lust decades ago, to now becoming on the verge of take over by PEP sites. The author an be credible in his evidence because his is pursuing a PHD at LOCAL (106), and also because his source information came from an industry standard analysis (IF), and not third party corporations.He used citations throughout the article as well to prove that extensive research had been done on the topic. I feel that thru the authors use of sources and background research, ethos can be seen throughout the paper. A good example of this can be seen on page 102, where he describes intellectual property rights as a battle or Flag that can all be affiliated to stamp out music piracy across the globe. 102). The most overwhelming use of ethos can be seen in the f inal thoughts section, where he concludes many of the finding of research to be outrageous as pointed out by use of many exclamation points. After this he uses a bit of pathos to play on the readers views and beliefs as seen in examples on page 103. Ding, Cheering G. , and N-Ting Lie. Productivity changes of Asian economies by taking Into account software piracy. Economic Inquiry 47. 1 (2009): 135-145. Academic search premier. OBESE. Web. 10 June 2010. For the past two decades, the fast growing Asian economy has emerged as on of he most important economic regions in the world today however its growth has been accompanied with severe piracy.The paper analyzes the productivity changes of some Asian economies by taking into account software piracy. Ding claims ,that En included, the results indicate that productivity growth in Asian developing economies regresses, the productivity in non-Asian industrialized economies improves. (34). Her claim mainly describes how the ever growing topic of piracy is causing an inverse affect to economies around the world. More productivity in evolving means less industry progression in established countries.The paper supports her claims by providing various economic studies from accredited sources that show, piracy has an effective on the progressions countries economies. It places emphasis on various topics and charts making the style sway more towards PAP. The use of these charts in the text can point assist in pointing out this style, along with the use of a reference page. The use of sources throughout the paper can be another tale of the style of writing. The author uses a logos appeal by pointing out references and correlations teen piracy and economic downturn as can be seen in the quote, Past research growth. (144). Corruption and growth are used as an inverted example providing the reader with the necessary background information used to adequately understand the topic of economic software piracy. The PAP form is another key indicator of logos, concluding that scientific research is more fact than persuasion or personal appeal. Leanness, Jell, Stun Bendable, and Tom Vender Bike. The Music Industry on (the) Line? Surviving Music Piracy in a Digital Era. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law cantonal justice 17. (2009): 77-96. Academic search premier. OBESE. Be. 10 June 2010. The article from the European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law Criminal Justice begins with an analysis of the prevalence of piracy in music trade. The analysis extends to cover the affects on global sales of CDC and the expansion of businesses in the future. It points out how such technological developments such as MPH players, pods, and CDR have increased music piracy. The most common forms of music piracy as summarized by the article are internet and CD piracy. It discusses the association between music piracy and organized crime.The profits driven from piracy are used fund such activities like drug smuggling, or human trafficking. The article touches and explores the vulnerabilities of the music industry to include the nature of the product, price, and degree of law enforcement. It suggests that it is necessary for music companies to look for new alternatives to their business models. With the music industry at risk, the article supports its claim to explore new business possibilities, stating, the music industry CD sales have been falling continuously from 2. Billion in 2000 to 1. 8 billion in 2006 (6). The reasons can be numerous and unrealistic, but true. In the second part, the future of the music industry and organized music pirates in the digital era is examined. The ideas and findings presented in this article apply only to those countries and regions where Internet pervasiveness is high. If there is no internet access there is no piracy. One appeal that the article uses in its writing that is a unsurprising is pathos. Piracy is illegal. Things that are illegal place tolls on our moral beliefs.Thru the article many facts about piracy are discussed and presented to the reader in a way hat pulls on their moral beliefs. It tries to convince the wrong doings of piracy by showing the effects and destruction it is having on a once booming industry. The example, legal risks will shift and customers are thus pushed towards organized crime groups. (95) shows how the connection and emotional pervasiveness to combat piracy. Ingram, Jason R. , and Sesame Hindu. Neutralizing Music Piracy: An Empirical Examination. Deviant Behavior 29. 4 (2008): 334-366. Academic Search Premier.OBESE. Web. 24 June 2010. This article by Jason Ingram, describes in detail thru research the viability of employing techniques to neutralize online music piracy. Using data collected from undergraduates from a large Midwestern university, Ingram tries to support his claim conclusions can be made that the article is going to be full of equations and calculations proving Anagrams naturalization theory. This might not be as helpful to rutting a research paper but provides excellent background information as seen in the subtitle Background and Prior Research (336).The article was published by the Taylor and French Group, showing that it has professional ties. Increasing the credibility of article. Ingram uses organization to help his scientific language wrote paper flow more easily. It is scrambled with many technical words that have no real meaning to the topic. These heading and subheadings in each paragraphs make it easier to use the article to your advantage. The articles purpose is to inform readers of the ongoing problem of music piracy and to offer possible solutions to the problem.Ingram projects his paper to an audience of scientists and researchers due to the excessive use of charts and scientific research to support his claim. His style of PAP, allows for his large preferences page to be utilized thoroughly throughout the article. Examples of this can be seen by the use of citations where the authors last name and publication date are used. The article can be used as a reliable source because it shows extensive research and effort put in with collaboration of research references to make a compelling paper to support Anagrams claims.Use of the article should be to point out unusual facts on the topic, found thru the charts of the article. This article has various argumentative appeals throughout, but the majority of the paper is logos and ethos. Logos appeal can be seen with the use of logic researchers to draw conclusions as seen by Ingram concluding, Peer/family or work/ school norms participated in higher levels of piracy (358). In this statement, Ingram is comparing his research to the outcome from prior research done by others.His point is to show that piracy is consistent thru age groups, regardless of the research done. He uses ethos to furthermore support this point and his credibility as an author by placing various subtopics of his research on naturalization. He uses past research to support his claims from scientists such as Marina and Copes, both scholarly acclaimed researchers (341). Morton, Neil A. , and Xenophobe Softer. Intention to Commit Online Music Piracy and Its Antecedents: An Empirical Investigation. Structural Equation Modeling 15. 3 12008): 491-512. Academic search premier. OBESE. Be. 24 June 2010. Authors Morton and Softener wrote the article to show a research model that Ninth show consumers attitude, norms, and perception towards media piracy 992). Their claim is that online piracy of copyrighted digital music has become rampant as internet technologies and businesses have advanced. They are suffering ND will keep suffering from piracy unless steps and actions are taken to combat it. Rhea support their claim with research done with a random question-air of 216 respondents hoping to find out what makes us as consumers to commit online music crime (493).The paper is very organized and flows very well. The authors make use of PAP style due to extensive references and research citations in the paper which adds ease of use versus an MEAL style document. Their article is full off lot of facts The work claims to cover many different view points as can be seen in the long list of references. It shows they put the time and effort to make a good and credible paper. Using that scope, they project the article to other scholarly professionals in the industry hoping their research with provoke the possible change to copyrighting laws (496).It can also be pushed to the general public with the intention to better understand the problems caused by electronic piracy. It draws its subject material and properly cites them throughout the paper making reliability of the text increase. Father credibility can be drawn from Acknowledgment section, where the articles credentials are stated. I feel that the authors used both ethos along with pathos mostly in the article. An example ethos can be drawn from a literary review done by Teeter and Douglas. In the review the authors describe undergraduates as willing or motivated to pay for music to avoid prosecution (492).His point shows that credible research had been done to show a very volatile topic such as music piracy, coming face to face in todays society with evermore progression of of the internet to possibly becoming an online epidemic. In turn, they use pathos to play on the audiences belief that stealing is wrong, whether online or not. Use of this can seen by the consistent labeling of piracy as a illicit, selfish, and unfair practice (495). He wants the audience to know that piracy is wrong and persuade their primitive beliefs of stealing to help combat the problem. PC Software piracy poses challenges to cyber security. Computer Security Update 10. 6 (2009): 3-7. Academic search premier. OBESE. Web. 10 June 2010. The article focuses on the issues concerning increasing software piracy. Piracy poses very high challenges to security in the U. S. , making efforts of the government to battle the massive enterprise very pricey and difficult. It further states that despite the effort of the U. S. Government in battling piracy, its negative impact has gone beyond the software industry as well as in the information technology sector.Piracy now affects everything from CD to Software sales around the world. The article shows how economies are effected behind the scenes by stating, for every $1 of software sold in a country, there is another $3 to $4 of revenues for local IT service and distribution firms. (4). The authors connection is from the loss of revenues to piracy, countless number of Jobs and positions are lost. As the article continues, the claim to global and economic downturn becomes more real with an estimate that if piracy dropped 10 points, 600,000 information technology Jobs could be created.The article fails to follow a specific outline but favors MEAL. The writing style can be similar in ways due to citations but lacks all proper punctuation. With backgrounds from many sources the paper presents its self an accredited piece of text. The paper uses a more logos appeal along with a bit of pathos. Logos can be drawn by the author continuously referring to many facts and assumptions associated with piracy, but aids its self to appeal to that of pathos by playing on the emotional appeal of the reader. It portrays to the reader the seriousness of piracy future prevent piracy.An example pathos, he describes piracy as a Drug or infection that is hindering good nature d consumers from the accessibility they have of their software material (5). It tries to persuade the reader on their belief that stealing is bad. Spring, Tom. E-Book Piracy: Is Your Download Legitimate?. PC World 28. 3 (2010): 23-25. Academic search premier. OBESE. Web. 10 June 2010. The article discusses the increasing problems caused and associated with e-book piracy. Springs claim is that with the ever changing technologies, the challenges faced with protecting our publishers work, many consumers with fall victim to counterfeit e-books.He backs his claims by providing quotes from experts such as Deed McCoy of the Association of American Publishers, a trade organization representing major U. S. Book publishers. McCoy states that, year-to-year increase n illicitly available e-book titles is unknown, showing that since a such new technological advancement as the Kindle even books are now being copied online. He continues his support in showing knowledge in the field with examples of industry advancements such as the, Amazon Kindle, Sony Reader, and Barnes Nobles Nook (23).These products are very new to the market increasing the demand for piracy of their material due to high product cost. E-Book piracy is not in the same realm as music piracy, but an increasingly prevalent topic to keep an eye on. The article tends to follow up with no noticeable style because of being an editorial but tends to lend more towards MEAL due to the more informative approach. Overall the paper leans towards the pathos and ethos appeal. Throughout pathos s used to inform and persuade the reader into believing that E-book piracy is an issue.A good example can be drawn from the quote, muff might, for example, earn some quick Farm-vile cash by answering a brief survey (24). In this quote the author draws a conclusion from the impulsiveness for users to follow online surveys for an illicit e-book. He is trying to persuade the user away from this temptation. Ethos is also found throughout the paper with the writer putting emphasis on the subject as if he once fell victim to illicit e-books. Conclusions can be made from the background research and knowledge on the topic.
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